diff --git a/crates/ferese-core/src/lib.rs b/crates/ferese-core/src/lib.rs
index 18845de..583b199 100644
--- a/crates/ferese-core/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/ferese-core/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+mod output;
 mod workspace;
 
+pub use output::{OutputError, OutputGeometry, OutputId, OutputWorkspaceMap, WorkspaceSwitch};
 pub use workspace::{WindowPlacement, Workspace, WorkspaceError, WorkspaceId, WorkspaceSet};
diff --git a/crates/ferese-core/src/output.rs b/crates/ferese-core/src/output.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a42436e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ferese-core/src/output.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    error::Error,
+    fmt,
+};
+
+use crate::WorkspaceId;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
+pub struct OutputId(pub u64);
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct OutputGeometry {
+    pub x: i32,
+    pub y: i32,
+    pub width: i32,
+    pub height: i32,
+}
+
+impl OutputGeometry {
+    pub const fn new(x: i32, y: i32, width: i32, height: i32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x,
+            y,
+            width,
+            height,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn center(self) -> (i64, i64) {
+        (
+            i64::from(self.x) * 2 + i64::from(self.width),
+            i64::from(self.y) * 2 + i64::from(self.height),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum OutputError {
+    AlreadyConnected(OutputId),
+    UnknownOutput(OutputId),
+    WorkspaceAlreadyAssigned {
+        workspace: WorkspaceId,
+        output: OutputId,
+    },
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for OutputError {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::AlreadyConnected(output) => write!(formatter, "output {output:?} is connected"),
+            Self::UnknownOutput(output) => write!(formatter, "unknown output {output:?}"),
+            Self::WorkspaceAlreadyAssigned { workspace, output } => {
+                write!(
+                    formatter,
+                    "workspace {workspace:?} is assigned to {output:?}"
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for OutputError {}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum WorkspaceSwitch {
+    Activated(OutputId),
+    FocusedExisting(OutputId),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct OutputState {
+    geometry: OutputGeometry,
+    active: WorkspaceId,
+    workspaces: HashSet<WorkspaceId>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct EvacuatedWorkspace {
+    workspace: WorkspaceId,
+    target: Option<OutputId>,
+    revision: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct EvacuationRecord {
+    active: WorkspaceId,
+    workspaces: Vec<EvacuatedWorkspace>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct OutputWorkspaceMap {
+    outputs: HashMap<OutputId, OutputState>,
+    assignments: HashMap<WorkspaceId, OutputId>,
+    revisions: HashMap<WorkspaceId, u64>,
+    evacuations: HashMap<OutputId, EvacuationRecord>,
+    focused: Option<OutputId>,
+}
+
+impl OutputWorkspaceMap {
+    pub fn focused_output(&self) -> Option<OutputId> {
+        self.focused
+    }
+
+    pub fn active_workspace(&self, output: OutputId) -> Option<WorkspaceId> {
+        self.outputs.get(&output).map(|state| state.active)
+    }
+
+    pub fn output_for_workspace(&self, workspace: WorkspaceId) -> Option<OutputId> {
+        self.assignments.get(&workspace).copied()
+    }
+
+    pub fn connected_outputs(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = OutputId> + '_ {
+        self.outputs.keys().copied()
+    }
+
+    pub fn connect(
+        &mut self,
+        output: OutputId,
+        geometry: OutputGeometry,
+        fallback_workspace: WorkspaceId,
+    ) -> Result<WorkspaceId, OutputError> {
+        if self.outputs.contains_key(&output) {
+            return Err(OutputError::AlreadyConnected(output));
+        }
+
+        let record = self.evacuations.remove(&output);
+        let mut reclaimed = Vec::new();
+        if let Some(record) = &record {
+            for evacuated in &record.workspaces {
+                let assignment_matches =
+                    self.assignments.get(&evacuated.workspace).copied() == evacuated.target;
+                let revision_matches = self.revision(evacuated.workspace) == evacuated.revision;
+
+                if assignment_matches && revision_matches {
+                    if let Some(target) = evacuated.target
+                        && let Some(target_state) = self.outputs.get_mut(&target)
+                    {
+                        target_state.workspaces.remove(&evacuated.workspace);
+                        if target_state.active == evacuated.workspace
+                            && let Some(active) = target_state
+                                .workspaces
+                                .iter()
+                                .copied()
+                                .min_by_key(|workspace| workspace.0)
+                        {
+                            target_state.active = active;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    self.assignments.insert(evacuated.workspace, output);
+                    reclaimed.push(evacuated.workspace);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let active = record
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|record| reclaimed.contains(&record.active).then_some(record.active))
+            .or_else(|| {
+                reclaimed
+                    .iter()
+                    .copied()
+                    .min_by_key(|workspace| workspace.0)
+            });
+        let active = match active {
+            Some(active) => active,
+            None => {
+                if let Some(owner) = self.assignments.get(&fallback_workspace).copied() {
+                    return Err(OutputError::WorkspaceAlreadyAssigned {
+                        workspace: fallback_workspace,
+                        output: owner,
+                    });
+                }
+                self.assignments.insert(fallback_workspace, output);
+                reclaimed.push(fallback_workspace);
+                fallback_workspace
+            }
+        };
+
+        self.outputs.insert(
+            output,
+            OutputState {
+                geometry,
+                active,
+                workspaces: reclaimed.into_iter().collect(),
+            },
+        );
+        self.focused.get_or_insert(output);
+
+        debug_assert!(self.validate());
+        Ok(active)
+    }
+
+    pub fn disconnect(&mut self, output: OutputId) -> Result<Option<OutputId>, OutputError> {
+        let removed = self
+            .outputs
+            .remove(&output)
+            .ok_or(OutputError::UnknownOutput(output))?;
+        let target = self.migration_target(output, removed.geometry);
+        let removed_had_focus = self.focused == Some(output);
+        let mut evacuated = removed.workspaces.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        evacuated.sort_by_key(|workspace| workspace.0);
+
+        for workspace in &evacuated {
+            if let Some(target) = target {
+                self.assignments.insert(*workspace, target);
+                self.outputs
+                    .get_mut(&target)
+                    .expect("migration target is connected")
+                    .workspaces
+                    .insert(*workspace);
+            } else {
+                self.assignments.remove(workspace);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if removed_had_focus {
+            self.focused = target;
+            if let Some(target) = target {
+                self.outputs
+                    .get_mut(&target)
+                    .expect("migration target is connected")
+                    .active = removed.active;
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.evacuations.insert(
+            output,
+            EvacuationRecord {
+                active: removed.active,
+                workspaces: evacuated
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|workspace| EvacuatedWorkspace {
+                        workspace,
+                        target,
+                        revision: self.revision(workspace),
+                    })
+                    .collect(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        debug_assert!(self.validate());
+        Ok(target)
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_output(&mut self, output: OutputId) -> Result<(), OutputError> {
+        if !self.outputs.contains_key(&output) {
+            return Err(OutputError::UnknownOutput(output));
+        }
+        self.focused = Some(output);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn switch_workspace(
+        &mut self,
+        output: OutputId,
+        workspace: WorkspaceId,
+    ) -> Result<WorkspaceSwitch, OutputError> {
+        if !self.outputs.contains_key(&output) {
+            return Err(OutputError::UnknownOutput(output));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(owner) = self.assignments.get(&workspace).copied()
+            && owner != output
+        {
+            self.focused = Some(owner);
+            self.outputs
+                .get_mut(&owner)
+                .expect("workspace owner is connected")
+                .active = workspace;
+            return Ok(WorkspaceSwitch::FocusedExisting(owner));
+        }
+
+        self.assignments.insert(workspace, output);
+        let state = self
+            .outputs
+            .get_mut(&output)
+            .expect("output was checked above");
+        state.workspaces.insert(workspace);
+        state.active = workspace;
+        self.focused = Some(output);
+        self.bump_revision(workspace);
+
+        debug_assert!(self.validate());
+        Ok(WorkspaceSwitch::Activated(output))
+    }
+
+    fn migration_target(
+        &self,
+        removed: OutputId,
+        removed_geometry: OutputGeometry,
+    ) -> Option<OutputId> {
+        if let Some(focused) = self.focused
+            && focused != removed
+            && self.outputs.contains_key(&focused)
+        {
+            return Some(focused);
+        }
+
+        let removed_center = removed_geometry.center();
+        self.outputs
+            .iter()
+            .min_by_key(|(id, state)| {
+                let center = state.geometry.center();
+                let x = center.0 - removed_center.0;
+                let y = center.1 - removed_center.1;
+                (x * x + y * y, **id)
+            })
+            .map(|(id, _)| *id)
+    }
+
+    fn revision(&self, workspace: WorkspaceId) -> u64 {
+        self.revisions.get(&workspace).copied().unwrap_or(0)
+    }
+
+    fn bump_revision(&mut self, workspace: WorkspaceId) {
+        let revision = self.revisions.entry(workspace).or_default();
+        *revision = revision.saturating_add(1);
+    }
+
+    fn validate(&self) -> bool {
+        if self
+            .focused
+            .is_some_and(|focused| !self.outputs.contains_key(&focused))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        for (output, state) in &self.outputs {
+            if !state.workspaces.contains(&state.active) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            for workspace in &state.workspaces {
+                if self.assignments.get(workspace) != Some(output) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.assignments.iter().all(|(workspace, output)| {
+            self.outputs
+                .get(output)
+                .is_some_and(|state| state.workspaces.contains(workspace))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn geometry(x: i32) -> OutputGeometry {
+        OutputGeometry::new(x, 0, 1_920, 1_080)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn new_outputs_receive_distinct_workspaces() {
+        let mut outputs = OutputWorkspaceMap::default();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            outputs.connect(OutputId(1), geometry(0), WorkspaceId(1)),
+            Ok(WorkspaceId(1))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            outputs.connect(OutputId(2), geometry(1_920), WorkspaceId(2)),
+            Ok(WorkspaceId(2))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            outputs.output_for_workspace(WorkspaceId(1)),
+            Some(OutputId(1))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            outputs.output_for_workspace(WorkspaceId(2)),
+            Some(OutputId(2))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn removal_prefers_a_remaining_focused_output_without_replacing_its_workspace() {
+        let mut outputs = OutputWorkspaceMap::default();
+        outputs
+            .connect(OutputId(1), geometry(0), WorkspaceId(1))
+            .unwrap();
+        outputs
+            .connect(OutputId(2), geometry(1_920), WorkspaceId(2))
+            .unwrap();
+        outputs.focus_output(OutputId(1)).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(outputs.disconnect(OutputId(2)), Ok(Some(OutputId(1))));
+        assert_eq!(outputs.active_workspace(OutputId(1)), Some(WorkspaceId(1)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            outputs.output_for_workspace(WorkspaceId(2)),
+            Some(OutputId(1))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn removing_the_focused_output_activates_its_workspace_on_the_nearest_output() {
+        let mut outputs = OutputWorkspaceMap::default();
+        outputs
+            .connect(OutputId(1), geometry(0), WorkspaceId(1))
+            .unwrap();
+        outputs
+            .connect(OutputId(2), geometry(1_920), WorkspaceId(2))
+            .unwrap();
+        outputs
+            .connect(OutputId(3), geometry(3_840), WorkspaceId(3))
+            .unwrap();
+        outputs.focus_output(OutputId(2)).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(outputs.disconnect(OutputId(2)), Ok(Some(OutputId(1))));
+        assert_eq!(outputs.focused_output(), Some(OutputId(1)));
+        assert_eq!(outputs.active_workspace(OutputId(1)), Some(WorkspaceId(2)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reconnect_reclaims_automatically_evacuated_workspaces() {
+        let mut outputs = OutputWorkspaceMap::default();
+        outputs
+            .connect(OutputId(1), geometry(0), WorkspaceId(1))
+            .unwrap();
+        outputs
+            .connect(OutputId(2), geometry(1_920), WorkspaceId(2))
+            .unwrap();
+        outputs.focus_output(OutputId(1)).unwrap();
+        outputs.disconnect(OutputId(2)).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            outputs.connect(OutputId(2), geometry(1_920), WorkspaceId(3)),
+            Ok(WorkspaceId(2))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            outputs.output_for_workspace(WorkspaceId(2)),
+            Some(OutputId(2))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(outputs.active_workspace(OutputId(2)), Some(WorkspaceId(2)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reconnect_restores_the_migration_targets_remaining_workspace() {
+        let mut outputs = OutputWorkspaceMap::default();
+        outputs
+            .connect(OutputId(1), geometry(0), WorkspaceId(1))
+            .unwrap();
+        outputs
+            .connect(OutputId(2), geometry(1_920), WorkspaceId(2))
+            .unwrap();
+        outputs.focus_output(OutputId(2)).unwrap();
+        outputs.disconnect(OutputId(2)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(outputs.active_workspace(OutputId(1)), Some(WorkspaceId(2)));
+
+        outputs
+            .connect(OutputId(2), geometry(1_920), WorkspaceId(3))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(outputs.active_workspace(OutputId(1)), Some(WorkspaceId(1)));
+        assert_eq!(outputs.active_workspace(OutputId(2)), Some(WorkspaceId(2)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn explicit_workspace_selection_prevents_automatic_return() {
+        let mut outputs = OutputWorkspaceMap::default();
+        outputs
+            .connect(OutputId(1), geometry(0), WorkspaceId(1))
+            .unwrap();
+        outputs
+            .connect(OutputId(2), geometry(1_920), WorkspaceId(2))
+            .unwrap();
+        outputs.focus_output(OutputId(1)).unwrap();
+        outputs.disconnect(OutputId(2)).unwrap();
+        outputs
+            .switch_workspace(OutputId(1), WorkspaceId(2))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            outputs.connect(OutputId(2), geometry(1_920), WorkspaceId(3)),
+            Ok(WorkspaceId(3))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            outputs.output_for_workspace(WorkspaceId(2)),
+            Some(OutputId(1))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn selecting_a_workspace_owned_by_another_output_focuses_that_output() {
+        let mut outputs = OutputWorkspaceMap::default();
+        outputs
+            .connect(OutputId(1), geometry(0), WorkspaceId(1))
+            .unwrap();
+        outputs
+            .connect(OutputId(2), geometry(1_920), WorkspaceId(2))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            outputs.switch_workspace(OutputId(1), WorkspaceId(2)),
+            Ok(WorkspaceSwitch::FocusedExisting(OutputId(2)))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(outputs.focused_output(), Some(OutputId(2)));
+    }
+}