diff --git a/compositor/src/reload.rs b/compositor/src/reload.rs
index af2d9fc..1651823 100644
--- a/compositor/src/reload.rs
+++ b/compositor/src/reload.rs
@@ -1,121 +1,5 @@
 //! Filesystem events wake the loop; only pending edits need a debounce timer.
-#[cfg(test)]
-use std::io::Read;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
-#[cfg(test)]
-use std::sync::mpsc;
-#[cfg(test)]
-use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-use notify::{RecommendedWatcher, RecursiveMode, Watcher};
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-fn read_source(path: &std::path::Path) -> Result<String, String> {
-    let file = std::fs::File::open(path).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    let mut source = String::new();
-    file.take(60 * 1024 + 1)
-        .read_to_string(&mut source)
-        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    if source.len() > 60 * 1024 {
-        return Err("configuration exceeds the 60 KiB live-reload limit".into());
-    }
-    Ok(source)
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) struct ConfigMonitor {
-    _watcher: RecommendedWatcher,
-    events: mpsc::Receiver<()>,
-    path: PathBuf,
-    dirty: Option<Instant>,
-    observed: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-impl ConfigMonitor {
-    #[cfg(test)]
-    pub(crate) fn new(path: PathBuf) -> notify::Result<Self> {
-        Self::with_wakeup(path, None)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn with_wakeup(
-        path: PathBuf,
-        wakeup: Option<smithay::reexports::calloop::LoopSignal>,
-    ) -> notify::Result<Self> {
-        let (sender, events) = mpsc::sync_channel(1);
-        let target = path.clone();
-        let event_wakeup = wakeup.clone();
-        let mut watcher = notify::recommended_watcher(move |event: notify::Result<notify::Event>| {
-            if let Ok(event) = event
-                && !event.kind.is_access()
-                && event.paths.iter().any(|p| p == &target || target.starts_with(p))
-            {
-                let _ = sender.try_send(());
-                if let Some(wakeup) = &event_wakeup {
-                    wakeup.wakeup();
-                }
-            }
-        })?;
-        // Watch the directory, not the inode: atomic editor saves replace it.
-        let mut directory = path.parent().unwrap_or(std::path::Path::new("."));
-        while !directory.is_dir() {
-            directory = directory.parent().unwrap_or(std::path::Path::new("."));
-        }
-        watcher.watch(
-            directory,
-            if Some(directory) == path.parent() {
-                RecursiveMode::NonRecursive
-            } else {
-                RecursiveMode::Recursive
-            },
-        )?;
-        let initial_dirty = path.is_file().then(Instant::now);
-        if initial_dirty.is_some()
-            && let Some(wakeup) = wakeup
-        {
-            wakeup.wakeup();
-        }
-        Ok(Self {
-            _watcher: watcher,
-            events,
-            path,
-            dirty: initial_dirty,
-            observed: None,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn next_deadline(&self) -> Option<Instant> {
-        self.dirty.map(|since| since + Duration::from_millis(120))
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn poll(&mut self, now: Instant) -> Option<Result<String, String>> {
-        if self.events.try_iter().next().is_some() {
-            self.dirty = Some(now);
-        }
-        if self
-            .dirty
-            .is_none_or(|since| now.saturating_duration_since(since) < Duration::from_millis(120))
-        {
-            return None;
-        }
-        self.dirty = None;
-        let source = match read_source(&self.path) {
-            Ok(source) => source,
-            Err(error) => {
-                return Some(Err(format!(
-                    "{}: {error}; retaining active config",
-                    self.path.display()
-                )));
-            }
-        };
-        if self.observed.as_ref() == Some(&source) {
-            return None;
-        }
-        self.observed = Some(source.clone());
-        Some(Ok(source))
-    }
-}
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 struct Prepared {
@@ -369,6 +253,7 @@ impl crate::Ferese {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
     struct Directory(PathBuf);
     impl Directory {
         fn new() -> Self {
@@ -663,45 +548,16 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn directory_watch_detects_atomic_save_and_does_not_read_during_idle() {
+    fn source_size_limit_uses_the_production_reader_and_parser() {
         let directory = Directory::new();
         let path = directory.0.join("config.kdl");
-        std::fs::write(&path, "animations {\n    speed 1\n}\n").unwrap();
-        let mut monitor = ConfigMonitor::new(path.clone()).unwrap();
-        monitor.dirty = Some(Instant::now() - Duration::from_secs(1));
-        assert!(monitor.poll(Instant::now()).unwrap().is_ok());
-        // With no event, even a deliberately missing path is never read.
-        let original_path = monitor.path.clone();
-        monitor.path = directory.0.join("missing");
-        assert!(monitor.poll(Instant::now()).is_none());
-        monitor.path = original_path;
-        let temporary = directory.0.join("config.kdl.new");
-        std::fs::write(&temporary, "animations {\n    speed 0.75\n}\n").unwrap();
-        std::fs::rename(&temporary, &path).unwrap();
-        let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(3);
-        loop {
-            if let Some(result) = monitor.poll(Instant::now()) {
-                assert_eq!(result.unwrap(), "animations {\n    speed 0.75\n}\n");
-                break;
-            }
-            assert!(Instant::now() < deadline, "atomic save notification never settled");
-            std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn source_size_limit_is_bounded_and_debounce_coalesces_edits() {
-        let directory = Directory::new();
-        let path = directory.0.join("config.kdl");
-        std::fs::write(&path, "x".repeat(60 * 1024 + 1)).unwrap();
-        assert!(read_source(&path).is_err());
-        std::fs::write(&path, "animations {\n    speed 1\n}\n").unwrap();
-        let mut monitor = ConfigMonitor::new(path).unwrap();
-        let now = Instant::now();
-        monitor.dirty = Some(now);
-        assert_eq!(monitor.next_deadline(), Some(now + Duration::from_millis(120)));
-        assert!(monitor.poll(now + Duration::from_millis(119)).is_none());
-        assert!(monitor.poll(now + Duration::from_millis(121)).unwrap().is_ok());
-        assert_eq!(monitor.next_deadline(), None);
+        let source = format!("//{}", "x".repeat(60 * 1024 - 2));
+        std::fs::write(&path, &source).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(crate::config::read_source(&path).unwrap(), source);
+        assert!(Prepared::new(source.clone(), &directory.0).is_ok());
+        let oversized = source + "x";
+        std::fs::write(&path, &oversized).unwrap();
+        assert!(crate::config::read_source(&path).is_err());
+        assert!(Prepared::new(oversized, &directory.0).is_err());
     }
 }
diff --git a/compositor/src/resume.rs b/compositor/src/resume.rs
index 5f6b0a9..bb6d7cc 100644
--- a/compositor/src/resume.rs
+++ b/compositor/src/resume.rs
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ async fn listen(
     let mut signals = proxy.receive_signal("PrepareForSleep").await?;
     // AddMatch succeeds even when logind is absent. Only call the listener
     // recovered once the service is present, and retry if its owner changes.
-    connection
+    let owner = connection
         .call_method(
             Some("org.freedesktop.DBus"),
             "/org/freedesktop/DBus",
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ async fn listen(
 
     future::race(
         async {
-            owners.next().await;
+            owner_changed_after(&mut owners, owner.recv_position()).await;
             Ok(MonitorExit::Reconnect)
         },
         async {
@@ -253,5 +253,16 @@ async fn listen(
     .await
 }
 
+// Owner changes queued during subscription setup are already reflected in the
+// GetNameOwner reply. Only a later change interrupts this recovered listener.
+async fn owner_changed_after(owners: &mut zbus::proxy::OwnerChangedStream<'_>, baseline: zbus::message::Sequence) {
+    use zbus::export::ordered_stream::OrderedStreamExt;
+    while let Some((sequence, _)) = owners.next_before(None).await.into_tuple() {
+        if sequence > baseline {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
diff --git a/compositor/src/resume/tests.rs b/compositor/src/resume/tests.rs
index 503a819..91b4555 100644
--- a/compositor/src/resume/tests.rs
+++ b/compositor/src/resume/tests.rs
@@ -247,3 +247,56 @@ fn shutdown_interrupts_connection_authentication() {
     };
     stop_and_join(monitor);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn ownership_acquired_before_subscription_baseline_is_not_a_second_outage() {
+    if !crate::startup_tests::private_runtime(
+        "resume::tests::ownership_acquired_before_subscription_baseline_is_not_a_second_outage",
+    ) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let bus = Bus::new();
+    let (connection, mut owners, manager, baseline) = future::block_on(async {
+        let connection = zbus::connection::Builder::address(bus.address.as_str())
+            .unwrap()
+            .build()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let proxy = zbus::Proxy::new(
+            &connection,
+            "org.freedesktop.login1",
+            "/org/freedesktop/login1",
+            "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+        let owners = proxy.receive_owner_changed().await.unwrap();
+        // Force acquisition after AddMatch but before the listener's baseline.
+        let manager = bus.manager();
+        let reply = connection
+            .call_method(
+                Some("org.freedesktop.DBus"),
+                "/org/freedesktop/DBus",
+                Some("org.freedesktop.DBus"),
+                "GetNameOwner",
+                &("org.freedesktop.login1",),
+            )
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        (connection, owners, manager, reply.recv_position())
+    });
+    let (sender, events) = mpsc::channel();
+    let worker = std::thread::spawn(move || {
+        // Keep the same connection alive so receive sequences remain comparable.
+        let _connection = connection;
+        future::block_on(owner_changed_after(&mut owners, baseline));
+        sender.send(()).unwrap();
+    });
+    assert!(
+        events.recv_timeout(Duration::from_millis(100)).is_err(),
+        "queued acquisition must not interrupt the recovered listener"
+    );
+    manager.release_name("org.freedesktop.login1").unwrap();
+    events.recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(2)).unwrap();
+    worker.join().unwrap();
+}
diff --git a/compositor/src/theme.rs b/compositor/src/theme.rs
index 617c318..7edc71b 100644
--- a/compositor/src/theme.rs
+++ b/compositor/src/theme.rs
@@ -149,6 +149,22 @@ pub(crate) struct Engine {
 }
 
 impl Engine {
+    fn files_changed(&mut self, now: Instant) -> bool {
+        if self
+            .events
+            .as_ref()
+            .is_some_and(|events| events.try_iter().next().is_some())
+        {
+            self.dirty = Some(now + DEBOUNCE);
+        }
+        if self.dirty.is_some_and(|deadline| now >= deadline) {
+            self.dirty = None;
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn matches_files(&self, files: &[PathBuf]) -> bool {
         self.active_files == files
     }
@@ -357,21 +373,7 @@ pub(crate) fn init(
                 let _ = monitor.wait();
             }
         })?;
-    let watcher = notify::recommended_watcher(move |event: notify::Result<notify::Event>| {
-        if let Ok(event) = event
-            && !event.kind.is_access()
-            && event.paths.iter().any(|path| {
-                paths
-                    .lock()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|target| target == path || target.starts_with(path))
-            })
-        {
-            let _ = sender.try_send(());
-            wakeup.wakeup();
-        }
-    })?;
+    let watcher = file_watcher(paths, sender, wakeup)?;
     state.theme_engine.watcher = Some(watcher);
     state.theme_engine.events = Some(events);
     state.theme_engine.active_files = candidate.files.clone();
@@ -387,6 +389,28 @@ pub(crate) fn init(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn file_watcher(
+    paths: Arc<Mutex<HashSet<PathBuf>>>,
+    sender: mpsc::SyncSender<()>,
+    wakeup: calloop::LoopSignal,
+) -> notify::Result<RecommendedWatcher> {
+    notify::recommended_watcher(move |event: notify::Result<notify::Event>| {
+        if let Ok(event) = event
+            && !event.kind.is_access()
+            && event.paths.iter().any(|path| {
+                paths
+                    .lock()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|target| target == path || target.starts_with(path))
+            })
+        {
+            let _ = sender.try_send(());
+            wakeup.wakeup();
+        }
+    })
+}
+
 impl Ferese {
     pub(crate) fn refresh_theme(&mut self) {
         if let Err(error) = self.queue_config_reload(true, None) {
@@ -477,16 +501,7 @@ impl Ferese {
 
     pub(crate) fn poll_theme(&mut self) {
         let now = Instant::now();
-        if self
-            .theme_engine
-            .events
-            .as_ref()
-            .is_some_and(|events| events.try_iter().next().is_some())
-        {
-            self.theme_engine.dirty = Some(now + DEBOUNCE);
-        }
-        if self.theme_engine.dirty.is_some_and(|deadline| now >= deadline) {
-            self.theme_engine.dirty = None;
+        if self.theme_engine.files_changed(now) {
             self.refresh_theme();
         }
         let mut start = false;
@@ -618,6 +633,55 @@ impl Ferese {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn directory_watch_detects_repeated_atomic_saves() {
+        let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = directory.path().join("config.kdl");
+        std::fs::write(&path, "// initial").unwrap();
+        let event_loop = calloop::EventLoop::<()>::try_new().unwrap();
+        let (sender, events) = mpsc::sync_channel(1);
+        let mut engine = Engine {
+            events: Some(events),
+            ..Engine::default()
+        };
+        engine.watcher = Some(file_watcher(engine.paths.clone(), sender, event_loop.get_signal()).unwrap());
+        engine.watch_files(std::slice::from_ref(&path));
+        for source in ["// first save", "// second save"] {
+            let temporary = path.with_extension("new");
+            std::fs::write(&temporary, source).unwrap();
+            std::fs::rename(&temporary, &path).unwrap();
+            let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(3);
+            while !engine.files_changed(Instant::now()) {
+                assert!(Instant::now() < deadline, "atomic save notification never settled");
+                std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
+            }
+            assert_eq!(crate::config::read_source(&path).unwrap(), source);
+        }
+        assert!(!engine.files_changed(Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(1)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn file_events_debounce_from_the_last_edit_and_stay_idle_without_events() {
+        let (sender, events) = mpsc::sync_channel(1);
+        let mut engine = Engine {
+            events: Some(events),
+            ..Engine::default()
+        };
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        assert!(!engine.files_changed(now));
+        assert!(engine.dirty.is_none());
+        sender.send(()).unwrap();
+        assert!(!engine.files_changed(now));
+        assert_eq!(engine.dirty, Some(now + DEBOUNCE));
+        let second = now + Duration::from_millis(100);
+        sender.send(()).unwrap();
+        assert!(!engine.files_changed(second));
+        assert!(!engine.files_changed(now + DEBOUNCE));
+        assert!(engine.files_changed(second + DEBOUNCE));
+        assert!(engine.dirty.is_none());
+        assert!(!engine.files_changed(second + Duration::from_secs(1)));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn startup_warning_survives_repeated_rejection_without_duplicate_publication() {
         let mut engine = Engine::default();
diff --git a/portal/src/lockdown.rs b/portal/src/lockdown.rs
index eda191b..5703766 100644
--- a/portal/src/lockdown.rs
+++ b/portal/src/lockdown.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::io::Read;
+use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
@@ -195,27 +197,34 @@ fn values(document: &ferese_config::Document) -> Option<[bool; 7]> {
 }
 
 fn load() -> Option<[bool; 7]> {
-    let path = ferese_config::config_path()?;
-    let source = match std::fs::read_to_string(path) {
-        Ok(source) if source.len() <= 1024 * 1024 => source,
-        Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => String::new(),
-        _ => return None,
-    };
+    load_path(&ferese_config::config_path()?)
+}
+
+fn load_path(path: &Path) -> Option<[bool; 7]> {
+    let mut source = String::new();
+    match std::fs::File::open(path) {
+        Ok(file) => {
+            file.take((ferese_config::file::LIMIT + 1) as u64)
+                .read_to_string(&mut source)
+                .ok()?;
+            if source.len() > ferese_config::file::LIMIT {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+        Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+        Err(_) => return None,
+    }
     values(&ferese_config::Document::parse(&source).ok()?)
 }
 
 fn store(index: usize, value: bool) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let _transaction = crate::backend::CONFIG_TRANSACTION
-        .lock()
-        .map_err(|_| "Configuration transaction failed")?;
     let path = ferese_config::config_path().ok_or("Missing config directory")?;
-    let source = match std::fs::read_to_string(&path) {
-        Ok(source) if source.len() <= 1024 * 1024 => source,
-        Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => String::new(),
-        Err(error) => return Err(error.to_string()),
-        _ => return Err("Configuration is too large".into()),
-    };
-    let mut document = ferese_config::Document::parse(&source).map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
+    store_path(&path, index, value)
+}
+
+fn store_path(path: &Path, index: usize, value: bool) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let file = ferese_config::file::ConfigFile::open(path)?;
+    let mut document = ferese_config::Document::parse(file.source()).map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
     if values(&document).is_none() {
         return Err("Invalid lockdown policy".into());
     }
@@ -225,22 +234,53 @@ fn store(index: usize, value: bool) -> Result<(), String> {
             value.into(),
         )
         .map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
-    let directory = path.parent().ok_or("Invalid config path")?;
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(directory).map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
-    let mut file = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new_in(directory).map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
-    std::io::Write::write_all(&mut file, document.to_string().as_bytes()).map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
-    file.as_file().sync_all().map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
-    if std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap_or_default() != source {
-        return Err("Configuration changed; please try again".into());
-    }
-    file.persist(path).map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
-    Ok(())
+    file.replace(&document.to_string(), None, |_| Ok(()))
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn policy_save_respects_other_config_writers_and_preserves_their_changes() {
+        let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = directory.path().join("config.kdl");
+        let settings = ferese_config::file::ConfigFile::open(&path).unwrap();
+        assert!(store_path(&path, 4, true).unwrap_err().contains("another app"));
+        assert!(!path.exists());
+        settings.replace("theme \"light\"\n", None, |_| Ok(())).unwrap();
+
+        store_path(&path, 4, true).unwrap();
+        let source = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
+        let document = ferese_config::Document::parse(&source).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(document.get("theme").and_then(|value| value.as_str()), Some("light"));
+        assert!(load_path(&path).unwrap()[4]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn oversized_policy_files_and_saves_leave_config_untouched() {
+        let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = directory.path().join("config.kdl");
+        for size in [ferese_config::file::LIMIT, ferese_config::file::LIMIT + 1] {
+            let source = format!("//{}\n", "x".repeat(size - 3));
+            std::fs::write(&path, &source).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(load_path(&path).is_some(), size == ferese_config::file::LIMIT);
+            assert!(store_path(&path, 4, true).unwrap_err().contains("60 KiB"));
+            assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap(), source);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn invalid_policy_is_not_overwritten() {
+        let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = directory.path().join("config.kdl");
+        let source = "portals { lockdown { disable-camera \"yes\"; }; }";
+        std::fs::write(&path, source).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(store_path(&path, 4, true).unwrap_err(), "Invalid lockdown policy");
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap(), source);
+        assert!(ferese_config::file::ConfigFile::open(&path).is_ok());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn default_policy_is_unrestricted_and_wrong_types_are_rejected() {
         let empty = ferese_config::Document::parse("").unwrap();
diff --git a/portal/src/permissions.rs b/portal/src/permissions.rs
index d2609b3..826fbf0 100644
--- a/portal/src/permissions.rs
+++ b/portal/src/permissions.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
+use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
+use tokio::net::UnixStream;
 use tokio::sync::RwLock;
 use zbus::Connection;
 use zbus::message::Header;
@@ -10,7 +12,7 @@ use zbus::object_server::SignalEmitter;
 use zbus::zvariant::{OwnedObjectPath, OwnedValue, Value};
 
 use crate::backend::{Options, authorize};
-use crate::desktop::{Requests, consent, ipc, reply};
+use crate::desktop::{Requests, consent, reply};
 
 const PATH: &str = "/org/freedesktop/portal/desktop";
 
@@ -127,20 +129,117 @@ impl Background {
     pub(crate) async fn watch(self, connection: Connection) {
         let emitter = SignalEmitter::new(&connection, PATH).unwrap();
         loop {
-            if let Ok(windows) = ipc("get-windows", serde_json::json!({})).await {
-                let next = app_states(&windows);
-                let mut previous = self.states.write().await;
-                if *previous != next {
-                    *previous = next;
-                    drop(previous);
-                    let _ = Self::running_applications_changed(&emitter).await;
+            let result = async {
+                let path = ferese_ipc::socket::resolve(None).map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
+                let stream = UnixStream::connect(path).await.map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
+                let mut events = BackgroundEvents::subscribe(stream).await?;
+                loop {
+                    let next = match events.next().await {
+                        Ok(next) => next,
+                        Err(error) => break Err::<(), String>(error),
+                    };
+                    if let Some(next) = next {
+                        let mut previous = self.states.write().await;
+                        if *previous != next {
+                            *previous = next;
+                            drop(previous);
+                            let _ = Self::running_applications_changed(&emitter).await;
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             }
+            .await;
+            if let Err(error) = result {
+                eprintln!("ferese portal: background event stream: {error}");
+            }
             tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
         }
     }
 }
 
+// Tokio owns the socket so cancelling the watch task also closes an idle stream.
+struct BackgroundEvents {
+    stream: UnixStream,
+    windows: serde_json::Value,
+    changed: bool,
+}
+
+impl BackgroundEvents {
+    async fn subscribe(mut stream: UnixStream) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        let request = ferese_ipc::Request {
+            version: ferese_ipc::VERSION,
+            id: 1,
+            kind: "command".into(),
+            command: "event-stream".into(),
+            args: serde_json::json!({"version": ferese_ipc::events::VERSION}),
+        };
+        let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+        ferese_ipc::write_frame(&mut bytes, &request).map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
+        tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(2), async {
+            stream.write_all(&bytes).await.map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
+            let response: ferese_ipc::Response = read_event_frame(&mut stream).await?;
+            if response.version != ferese_ipc::VERSION || response.id != request.id {
+                return Err("Unexpected event subscription response".into());
+            }
+            if let Some(error) = response.error {
+                return Err(error.message);
+            }
+            if response.result.as_ref().and_then(|value| value["version"].as_u64())
+                != Some(u64::from(ferese_ipc::events::VERSION))
+            {
+                return Err("Unsupported event stream version".into());
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| "Event subscription timed out".to_owned())??;
+        Ok(Self {
+            stream,
+            windows: serde_json::json!([]),
+            changed: false,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn next(&mut self) -> Result<Option<HashMap<String, u32>>, String> {
+        use ferese_ipc::events::{Change, Event};
+        let event: Event = read_event_frame(&mut self.stream).await?;
+        event.validate()?;
+        match event.change {
+            Change::Snapshot { desktop } => {
+                self.windows = desktop.windows;
+                self.changed = true;
+            }
+            Change::WindowsChanged { windows } => {
+                self.windows = windows;
+                self.changed = true;
+            }
+            Change::FocusChanged { focus } => {
+                for window in self.windows.as_array_mut().into_iter().flatten() {
+                    window["focused"] =
+                        serde_json::json!(focus["window"].is_number() && window["id"] == focus["window"]);
+                }
+                self.changed = true;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        if event.last && std::mem::take(&mut self.changed) {
+            Ok(Some(app_states(&self.windows)))
+        } else {
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+async fn read_event_frame<T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned>(stream: &mut UnixStream) -> Result<T, String> {
+    let size = stream.read_u32().await.map_err(|error| error.to_string())? as usize;
+    if size > ferese_ipc::MAX_PAYLOAD_SIZE {
+        return Err("Oversized IPC event frame".into());
+    }
+    let mut bytes = vec![0; size];
+    stream.read_exact(&mut bytes).await.map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
+    serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).map_err(|error| error.to_string())
+}
+
 #[zbus::interface(name = "org.freedesktop.impl.portal.Background")]
 impl Background {
     async fn get_app_state(
@@ -323,6 +422,126 @@ fn desktop_argument(argument: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    async fn send_frame(peer: &mut UnixStream, value: &impl serde::Serialize) {
+        let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+        ferese_ipc::write_frame(&mut bytes, value).unwrap();
+        peer.write_all(&bytes).await.unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn background_events_apply_complete_generations_and_close_on_drop() {
+        use ferese_ipc::events::{Change, Event};
+        let (client, mut peer) = UnixStream::pair().unwrap();
+        let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            let request: ferese_ipc::Request = read_event_frame(&mut peer).await.unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(request.command, "event-stream");
+            assert_eq!(
+                request.args,
+                serde_json::json!({"version": ferese_ipc::events::VERSION})
+            );
+            send_frame(&mut peer, &ferese_ipc::Response::success(request.id, request.args)).await;
+            peer
+        });
+        let mut events = BackgroundEvents::subscribe(client).await.unwrap();
+        let mut peer = server.await.unwrap();
+        send_frame(
+            &mut peer,
+            &Event {
+                version: ferese_ipc::events::VERSION,
+                generation: 0,
+                last: true,
+                change: Change::Snapshot {
+                    desktop: Box::new(ferese_ipc::events::Snapshot {
+                        outputs: serde_json::json!([]),
+                        workspaces: serde_json::json!([]),
+                        windows: serde_json::json!([{"id":1,"app_id":"one.desktop","focused":true}]),
+                        focus: serde_json::json!({"window":1}),
+                        config: Default::default(),
+                        theme: serde_json::Value::Null,
+                        lock: ferese_ipc::events::LockState {
+                            phase: "unlocked".into(),
+                            sleeping: false,
+                        },
+                    }),
+                },
+            },
+        )
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!(
+            events.next().await.unwrap().unwrap(),
+            HashMap::from([("one".into(), 2)])
+        );
+        let windows = serde_json::json!([
+            {"id":1,"app_id":"one.desktop","focused":true},
+            {"id":2,"app_id":"two","focused":false}
+        ]);
+        send_frame(
+            &mut peer,
+            &Event {
+                version: ferese_ipc::events::VERSION,
+                generation: 1,
+                last: false,
+                change: Change::WindowsChanged { windows },
+            },
+        )
+        .await;
+        assert!(events.next().await.unwrap().is_none());
+        send_frame(
+            &mut peer,
+            &Event {
+                version: ferese_ipc::events::VERSION,
+                generation: 1,
+                last: true,
+                change: Change::FocusChanged {
+                    focus: serde_json::json!({"window":2}),
+                },
+            },
+        )
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!(
+            events.next().await.unwrap().unwrap(),
+            HashMap::from([("one".into(), 1), ("two".into(), 2)])
+        );
+        // No command is sent while waiting for a change on an idle desktop.
+        assert!(
+            tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_millis(20), peer.read_u32())
+                .await
+                .is_err()
+        );
+        send_frame(
+            &mut peer,
+            &Event {
+                version: ferese_ipc::events::VERSION,
+                generation: 2,
+                last: true,
+                change: Change::WindowsChanged {
+                    windows: serde_json::json!([]),
+                },
+            },
+        )
+        .await;
+        assert!(events.next().await.unwrap().unwrap().is_empty());
+        drop(events);
+        assert_eq!(
+            peer.read_u8().await.unwrap_err().kind(),
+            std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn background_events_reject_oversized_frames_and_disconnects() {
+        let (stream, mut peer) = UnixStream::pair().unwrap();
+        let mut events = BackgroundEvents {
+            stream,
+            windows: serde_json::json!([]),
+            changed: false,
+        };
+        peer.write_u32((ferese_ipc::MAX_PAYLOAD_SIZE + 1) as u32).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(events.next().await.unwrap_err().contains("Oversized"));
+        drop(peer);
+        assert!(events.next().await.is_err());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn application_state_groups_windows_and_keeps_inactive_workspaces_running() {
         let windows = serde_json::json!([
diff --git a/shell/ferese-shell/src/activities/subscription.rs b/shell/ferese-shell/src/activities/subscription.rs
index 79f9f09..11b3ff7 100644
--- a/shell/ferese-shell/src/activities/subscription.rs
+++ b/shell/ferese-shell/src/activities/subscription.rs
@@ -1,62 +1,14 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::Duration;
 
 use cosmic::iced::Subscription;
-use cosmic::iced::futures::SinkExt;
 use ferese_ipc::activities::Snapshot;
-use serde_json::json;
 
 pub(crate) fn subscription() -> Subscription<Arc<Snapshot>> {
     Subscription::run(stream)
 }
 
 fn stream() -> impl cosmic::iced::futures::Stream<Item = Arc<Snapshot>> {
-    cosmic::iced::stream::channel(1, async |mut output| {
-        loop {
-            let connection = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(ferese_ipc::Connection::connect).await;
-            let Ok(Ok(mut connection)) = connection else {
-                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
-                continue;
-            };
-            let Ok(cancellation) = connection.cancellation() else {
-                return;
-            };
-            let (send, mut receive) = tokio::sync::watch::channel(None);
-            tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
-                let Ok(value) = connection.call("activity-get", json!({})) else {
-                    return;
-                };
-                let Ok(mut snapshot) = serde_json::from_value::<Snapshot>(value) else {
-                    return;
-                };
-                loop {
-                    let revision = snapshot.revision;
-                    if send.send(Some(Arc::new(snapshot))).is_err() {
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    match connection
-                        .wait("activity-watch", json!({"since":revision}))
-                        .and_then(|value| serde_json::from_value(value).map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
-                    {
-                        Ok(next) => snapshot = next,
-                        Err(_) => return,
-                    }
-                }
-            });
-            while receive.changed().await.is_ok() {
-                let snapshot = receive.borrow_and_update().clone();
-                if let Some(snapshot) = snapshot
-                    && output.send(snapshot).await.is_err()
-                {
-                    return;
-                }
-            }
-
-            drop(cancellation);
-            if output.send(Arc::new(Snapshot::default())).await.is_err() {
-                return;
-            }
-            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
-        }
+    crate::ipc_subscription::stream("activity-get", "activity-watch", |snapshot: &Snapshot| {
+        snapshot.revision
     })
 }
diff --git a/shell/ferese-shell/src/config.rs b/shell/ferese-shell/src/config.rs
index f21fda8..fd51587 100644
--- a/shell/ferese-shell/src/config.rs
+++ b/shell/ferese-shell/src/config.rs
@@ -341,14 +341,14 @@ impl Default for SoftShadowConfig {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn load() -> Result<ShellConfig, String> {
+pub(crate) fn load(snapshot: &ferese_ipc::theme::Snapshot) -> Result<ShellConfig, String> {
     let Some(path) = config_path() else {
         return Ok(ShellConfig::default());
     };
-    load_path(&path)
+    load_path(&path, snapshot)
 }
 
-fn load_path(path: &std::path::Path) -> Result<ShellConfig, String> {
+fn load_path(path: &std::path::Path, snapshot: &ferese_ipc::theme::Snapshot) -> Result<ShellConfig, String> {
     match fs::symlink_metadata(path) {
         Ok(_) => {}
         Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return Ok(ShellConfig::default()),
@@ -364,13 +364,15 @@ fn load_path(path: &std::path::Path) -> Result<ShellConfig, String> {
     if source.len() > ferese_config::file::LIMIT {
         return Err(format!("{} exceeds 60 KiB", path.display()));
     }
-    parse_source(&source).map_err(|error| format!("invalid configuration in {}: {error}", path.display()))
+    parse_source(&source, snapshot).map_err(|error| format!("invalid configuration in {}: {error}", path.display()))
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn parse_source(source: &str) -> Result<ShellConfig, ferese_config::Error> {
+pub(crate) fn parse_source(
+    source: &str,
+    snapshot: &ferese_ipc::theme::Snapshot,
+) -> Result<ShellConfig, ferese_config::Error> {
     let document = ferese_config::Document::parse(source)?;
     ferese_config::theme::validate_overrides(&document).map_err(ferese_config::Error::from)?;
-    let snapshot = ferese_theme_client::service::current();
     let mut config = parse_document(
         &document.with_theme(&snapshot.presented),
         snapshot.presented.appearance,
@@ -616,10 +618,13 @@ mod tests {
                     format!("{section} {{ geometry {{ {key} 8; }}; }}")
                 };
                 assert!(
-                    parse_source(&format!("theme {{ {layer}; }}"))
-                        .unwrap_err()
-                        .to_string()
-                        .contains(&key.replace('-', "_"))
+                    parse_source(
+                        &format!("theme {{ {layer}; }}"),
+                        &ferese_theme_client::service::fallback()
+                    )
+                    .unwrap_err()
+                    .to_string()
+                    .contains(&key.replace('-', "_"))
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -669,7 +674,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn removed_desktop_widgets_allow_startup_and_reload() {
         let source = "desktop-widgets { clock { enabled #true; }; }";
-        parse_source(source).unwrap();
+        parse_source(source, &ferese_theme_client::service::fallback()).unwrap();
         parse_test_source(source).unwrap();
     }
 
@@ -802,28 +807,38 @@ theme {
         let source =
             "notifications { do-not-disturb #true; }\nstatus { bar-layout islands; battery-percentage #false; }";
         std::fs::write(&path, source).unwrap();
-        let error = super::load_path(&path).unwrap_err();
+        let error = super::load_path(&path, &ferese_theme_client::service::fallback()).unwrap_err();
         assert!(error.contains("bar_layout"), "{error}");
         assert!(error.contains(path.to_str().unwrap()), "{error}");
         assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap(), source);
         std::fs::write(&path, "panel main {").unwrap();
-        assert!(super::load_path(&path).is_err());
+        assert!(super::load_path(&path, &ferese_theme_client::service::fallback()).is_err());
         let oversized = " ".repeat(ferese_config::file::LIMIT + 1);
         std::fs::write(&path, &oversized).unwrap();
-        assert!(super::load_path(&path).unwrap_err().contains("60 KiB"));
+        assert!(
+            super::load_path(&path, &ferese_theme_client::service::fallback())
+                .unwrap_err()
+                .contains("60 KiB")
+        );
         assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap(), oversized);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn startup_distinguishes_absent_configuration_from_read_errors() {
         let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        assert!(super::load_path(&directory.path().join("missing.kdl")).is_ok());
-        let error = super::load_path(directory.path()).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(
+            super::load_path(
+                &directory.path().join("missing.kdl"),
+                &ferese_theme_client::service::fallback()
+            )
+            .is_ok()
+        );
+        let error = super::load_path(directory.path(), &ferese_theme_client::service::fallback()).unwrap_err();
         assert!(error.contains("cannot read"), "{error}");
         let path = directory.path().join("config.kdl");
         std::os::unix::fs::symlink(directory.path().join("missing-target"), &path).unwrap();
         assert!(
-            super::load_path(&path).is_err(),
+            super::load_path(&path, &ferese_theme_client::service::fallback()).is_err(),
             "a broken config symlink is a read error"
         );
     }
diff --git a/shell/ferese-shell/src/ipc_subscription.rs b/shell/ferese-shell/src/ipc_subscription.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1f9e03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shell/ferese-shell/src/ipc_subscription.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use cosmic::iced::futures::{SinkExt, Stream};
+use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+/// Follow a versioned snapshot, clearing stale content when its connection ends.
+pub(crate) fn stream<S>(get: &'static str, watch: &'static str, revision: fn(&S) -> u64) -> impl Stream<Item = Arc<S>>
+where
+    S: DeserializeOwned + Default + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    cosmic::iced::stream::channel(1, async move |mut output| {
+        loop {
+            let connection = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(ferese_ipc::Connection::connect).await;
+            let Ok(Ok(mut connection)) = connection else {
+                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
+                continue;
+            };
+            let Ok(cancellation) = connection.cancellation() else {
+                return;
+            };
+            let (send, mut receive) = tokio::sync::watch::channel(None);
+
+            tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+                let Ok(value) = connection.call(get, json!({})) else {
+                    return;
+                };
+                let Ok(mut snapshot) = serde_json::from_value::<S>(value) else {
+                    return;
+                };
+
+                loop {
+                    let since = revision(&snapshot);
+
+                    if send.send(Some(Arc::new(snapshot))).is_err() {
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    match connection
+                        .wait(watch, json!({"since": since}))
+                        .and_then(|value| serde_json::from_value(value).map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                    {
+                        Ok(next) => snapshot = next,
+                        Err(_) => return,
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+
+            while receive.changed().await.is_ok() {
+                let snapshot = receive.borrow_and_update().clone();
+                if let Some(snapshot) = snapshot
+                    && output.send(snapshot).await.is_err()
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            drop(cancellation);
+
+            if output.send(Arc::new(S::default())).await.is_err() {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use cosmic::iced::futures::StreamExt;
+    use ferese_ipc::{Request, Response, read_frame, write_frame};
+    use std::io::Read;
+    use std::os::unix::net::UnixListener;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn media_and_activities_reconnect_clear_stale_state_and_cancel_watches() {
+        const CHILD: &str = "FERESE_SNAPSHOT_SUBSCRIPTION_TEST";
+        if std::env::var_os(CHILD).is_none() {
+            let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+            let output = std::process::Command::new(std::env::current_exe().unwrap())
+                .args([
+                    "--exact",
+                    "ipc_subscription::tests::media_and_activities_reconnect_clear_stale_state_and_cancel_watches",
+                    "--nocapture",
+                ])
+                .env(CHILD, "1")
+                .env("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR", root.path())
+                .env_remove("FERESE_SOCKET")
+                .output()
+                .unwrap();
+            assert!(
+                output.status.success(),
+                "{}\n{}",
+                String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout),
+                String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+            );
+            return;
+        }
+        check_stream::<ferese_ipc::media::Snapshot>("media-get", "media-watch", |snapshot| snapshot.revision);
+        check_stream::<ferese_ipc::activities::Snapshot>("activity-get", "activity-watch", |snapshot| {
+            snapshot.revision
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn check_stream<S>(get: &'static str, watch: &'static str, revision: fn(&S) -> u64)
+    where
+        S: DeserializeOwned + serde::Serialize + Default + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let path = ferese_ipc::socket_path().unwrap();
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let listener = UnixListener::bind(&path).unwrap();
+        listener.set_nonblocking(true).unwrap();
+        let (consumed, consumed_receive) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+        let (watch_send, watch_receive) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+        let server = std::thread::spawn(move || {
+            for initial in [1, 3] {
+                let deadline = std::time::Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(10);
+                let mut connection = loop {
+                    match listener.accept() {
+                        Ok((connection, _)) => break connection,
+                        Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => {
+                            assert!(std::time::Instant::now() < deadline, "subscription did not reconnect");
+                            std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));
+                        }
+                        Err(error) => panic!("accept: {error}"),
+                    }
+                };
+                connection.set_read_timeout(Some(Duration::from_secs(8))).unwrap();
+                connection.set_write_timeout(Some(Duration::from_secs(8))).unwrap();
+                let request: Request = read_frame(&mut connection).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(request.command, get);
+                let mut snapshot = serde_json::to_value(S::default()).unwrap();
+                snapshot["revision"] = json!(initial);
+                write_frame(&mut connection, &Response::success(request.id, snapshot.clone())).unwrap();
+                let request: Request = read_frame(&mut connection).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(request.command, watch);
+                assert_eq!(request.args["since"], initial);
+                if initial == 1 {
+                    // Wait for delivery so watch-channel coalescing cannot skip this snapshot.
+                    assert_eq!(consumed_receive.recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(8)).unwrap(), 1);
+                    snapshot["revision"] = json!(2);
+                    write_frame(&mut connection, &Response::success(request.id, snapshot)).unwrap();
+                    let next: Request = read_frame(&mut connection).unwrap();
+                    assert_eq!(next.command, watch);
+                    assert_eq!(next.args["since"], 2);
+                    assert_ne!(request.id, next.id);
+                    assert_eq!(consumed_receive.recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(8)).unwrap(), 2);
+                    // Dropping this connection must clear the old snapshot before retrying.
+                } else {
+                    watch_send.send(()).unwrap();
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        connection.read(&mut [0]).unwrap(),
+                        0,
+                        "dropped subscription kept its socket alive"
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
+            .enable_time()
+            .build()
+            .unwrap()
+            .block_on(async {
+                let mut subscription = Box::pin(stream::<S>(get, watch, revision));
+                for expected in [1, 2, 0, 3] {
+                    let snapshot = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(8), subscription.next())
+                        .await
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .unwrap();
+                    assert_eq!(revision(&snapshot), expected);
+                    if expected == 1 || expected == 2 {
+                        consumed.send(expected).unwrap();
+                    }
+                }
+                tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || watch_receive.recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(2)).unwrap())
+                    .await
+                    .unwrap();
+                drop(subscription);
+            });
+        server.join().unwrap();
+        std::fs::remove_file(path).unwrap();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/shell/ferese-shell/src/main.rs b/shell/ferese-shell/src/main.rs
index 953ead8..7c1126c 100644
--- a/shell/ferese-shell/src/main.rs
+++ b/shell/ferese-shell/src/main.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ mod compositor_ipc;
 mod config;
 mod control;
 mod display_mode;
+mod ipc_subscription;
 mod keybinding_guide;
 mod media;
 mod motion;
@@ -101,7 +102,8 @@ impl From<panel::PanelGeometry> for BarMetrics {
 }
 
 fn main() -> cosmic::iced::Result {
-    let (mut config, startup_error) = match config::load() {
+    let theme_snapshot = ferese_theme_client::service::current();
+    let (mut config, startup_error) = match config::load(&theme_snapshot) {
         Ok(config) => (config, None),
         Err(error) => {
             eprintln!("ferese-shell: {error}; starting with defaults");
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ fn main() -> cosmic::iced::Result {
         .default_font(shell_font)
         .theme(config.theme.palette().native_theme());
 
-    cosmic::app::run::<FereseShell>(settings, (config, wallpaper, startup_error))
+    cosmic::app::run::<FereseShell>(settings, (config, wallpaper, startup_error, theme_snapshot))
 }
 
 type WallpaperLoad = cosmic::iced::futures::channel::oneshot::Receiver<Result<image::Handle, String>>;
@@ -148,6 +150,7 @@ type WallpaperLoad = cosmic::iced::futures::channel::oneshot::Receiver<Result<im
 struct FereseShell {
     core: Core,
     config: ShellConfig,
+    theme_snapshot: ferese_ipc::theme::Snapshot,
     render: rendering::Rendering,
     wallpaper: Option<image::Handle>,
     control: Option<ShellControl>,
@@ -285,7 +288,12 @@ enum Message {
 
 impl cosmic::Application for FereseShell {
     type Executor = cosmic::executor::Default;
-    type Flags = (ShellConfig, Option<WallpaperLoad>, Option<String>);
+    type Flags = (
+        ShellConfig,
+        Option<WallpaperLoad>,
+        Option<String>,
+        ferese_ipc::theme::Snapshot,
+    );
     type Message = Message;
 
     const APP_ID: &'static str = APP_ID;
@@ -298,7 +306,10 @@ impl cosmic::Application for FereseShell {
         &mut self.core
     }
 
-    fn init(core: Core, (config, wallpaper, startup_error): Self::Flags) -> (Self, Task<Self::Message>) {
+    fn init(
+        core: Core,
+        (config, wallpaper, startup_error, theme_snapshot): Self::Flags,
+    ) -> (Self, Task<Self::Message>) {
         let control = ShellControl::connect()
             .map_err(|error| eprintln!("ferese-shell: shell control unavailable: {error}"))
             .ok();
@@ -309,6 +320,7 @@ impl cosmic::Application for FereseShell {
         notification_center.activity_bridge = config.activities.sources.notification_bridge;
         let app = Self {
             core,
+            theme_snapshot,
             notifications: notification_center,
             notification_surface: None,
             status_service: status::Service::start(config.status.settings_command.clone()),
@@ -511,8 +523,9 @@ impl cosmic::Application for FereseShell {
                 config.theme_mode = snapshot.mode;
                 if snapshot.error != self.theme_error {
                     self.pending_config_error = snapshot.error.clone();
-                    self.theme_error = snapshot.error;
+                    self.theme_error = snapshot.error.clone();
                 }
+                self.theme_snapshot = *snapshot;
                 self.apply_config(config)
             }
             Message::ThemeMode(mode) => cosmic::task::future(async move {
@@ -959,7 +972,7 @@ impl FereseShell {
     }
 
     fn reload_config(&mut self, source: String) -> Task<Message> {
-        let config = match config::parse_source(&source) {
+        let config = match config::parse_source(&source, &self.theme_snapshot) {
             Ok(config) => config,
             Err(error) => {
                 eprintln!("ferese-shell: reload rejected; keeping current config: {error}");
@@ -1137,6 +1150,7 @@ mod tests {
         let output = wl_output::WlOutput::inert(connection.backend().downgrade());
         FereseShell {
             core: Core::default(),
+            theme_snapshot: ferese_theme_client::service::fallback(),
             notifications: notifications::Center::new(config.notifications.clone(), config.animations),
             notification_surface: None,
             status_service: status::Service::start(None),
@@ -1196,6 +1210,29 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn reload_preserves_the_last_presented_theme_without_a_control_connection() {
+        use cosmic::Application;
+
+        let mut shell = shell_with_measured_panel();
+        let mut snapshot = ferese_theme_client::service::fallback();
+        snapshot.mode = ferese_config::theme::Mode::Light;
+        snapshot.presented.appearance = ferese_config::theme::Appearance::Light;
+        snapshot.presented.tokens.geometry.shell_radius = 23.;
+        snapshot.presented.tokens.typography.font_family = "Reload test font".into();
+        drop(shell.update(Message::ThemeChanged(Box::new(snapshot.clone()))));
+
+        drop(shell.reload_config("status { low-battery-threshold 35; }".into()));
+
+        assert!(shell.control.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(shell.config.status.low_battery_threshold, 35);
+        assert_eq!(shell.config.theme_mode, snapshot.mode);
+        assert_eq!(shell.config.theme.appearance, snapshot.presented.appearance);
+        assert_eq!(shell.config.theme.material_radius, 23.);
+        assert_eq!(shell.config.font_family.as_deref(), Some("Reload test font"));
+        assert_eq!(shell.theme_snapshot, snapshot);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn cosmetic_reloads_preserve_measured_margins_and_the_open_popover() {
         let mut shell = shell_with_measured_panel();
@@ -1230,7 +1267,7 @@ mod tests {
                 .unwrap();
             document.set(&format!("panels.0.{field}"), value).unwrap();
             let source = document.to_string();
-            let mut config = config::parse_source(&source).unwrap();
+            let mut config = config::parse_source(&source, &shell.theme_snapshot).unwrap();
             config.theme = shell.config.theme;
             drop(shell.apply_config(config));
             assert_eq!(shell.outputs[0].panel_resolution, resolution, "{edit}");
diff --git a/shell/ferese-shell/src/media/subscription.rs b/shell/ferese-shell/src/media/subscription.rs
index 8e600e4..661234c 100644
--- a/shell/ferese-shell/src/media/subscription.rs
+++ b/shell/ferese-shell/src/media/subscription.rs
@@ -1,147 +1,12 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::Duration;
 
 use cosmic::iced::Subscription;
-use cosmic::iced::futures::SinkExt;
 use ferese_ipc::media::Snapshot;
-use serde_json::json;
 
 pub(super) fn subscription() -> Subscription<Arc<Snapshot>> {
     Subscription::run(stream)
 }
 
 fn stream() -> impl cosmic::iced::futures::Stream<Item = Arc<Snapshot>> {
-    cosmic::iced::stream::channel(1, async |mut output| {
-        loop {
-            let connection = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(ferese_ipc::Connection::connect).await;
-            let Ok(Ok(mut connection)) = connection else {
-                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
-                continue;
-            };
-            let Ok(cancellation) = connection.cancellation() else {
-                return;
-            };
-            let (send, mut receive) = tokio::sync::watch::channel(None);
-            tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
-                let Ok(value) = connection.call("media-get", json!({})) else {
-                    return;
-                };
-                let Ok(mut snapshot) = serde_json::from_value::<Snapshot>(value) else {
-                    return;
-                };
-                loop {
-                    let revision = snapshot.revision;
-                    if send.send(Some(Arc::new(snapshot))).is_err() {
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    match connection
-                        .wait("media-watch", json!({"since":revision}))
-                        .and_then(|value| serde_json::from_value(value).map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
-                    {
-                        Ok(next) => snapshot = next,
-                        Err(_) => return,
-                    }
-                }
-            });
-            while receive.changed().await.is_ok() {
-                let snapshot = receive.borrow_and_update().clone();
-                if let Some(snapshot) = snapshot
-                    && output.send(snapshot).await.is_err()
-                {
-                    return;
-                }
-            }
-
-            drop(cancellation);
-            if output.send(Arc::new(Snapshot::default())).await.is_err() {
-                return;
-            }
-            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
-        }
-    })
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use cosmic::iced::futures::StreamExt;
-    use ferese_ipc::{Request, Response, read_frame, write_frame};
-    use std::os::unix::net::UnixListener;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn reconnect_clears_ghost_media_and_drop_cancels_a_watch() {
-        const CHILD: &str = "FERESE_MEDIA_SUBSCRIPTION_TEST";
-        if std::env::var_os(CHILD).is_none() {
-            let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-            let output = std::process::Command::new(std::env::current_exe().unwrap())
-                .args([
-                    "--exact",
-                    "media::subscription::tests::reconnect_clears_ghost_media_and_drop_cancels_a_watch",
-                    "--nocapture",
-                ])
-                .env(CHILD, "1")
-                .env("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR", root.path())
-                .env_remove("FERESE_SOCKET")
-                .output()
-                .unwrap();
-            assert!(
-                output.status.success(),
-                "{}\n{}",
-                String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout),
-                String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
-            );
-            return;
-        }
-
-        let path = ferese_ipc::socket_path().unwrap();
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
-        let listener = UnixListener::bind(path).unwrap();
-        let (watch_send, watch_receive) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
-        let server = std::thread::spawn(move || {
-            for revision in [1, 2] {
-                let (mut connection, _) = listener.accept().unwrap();
-                connection.set_read_timeout(Some(Duration::from_secs(8))).unwrap();
-                let get: Request = read_frame(&mut connection).unwrap();
-                assert_eq!(get.command, "media-get");
-                let snapshot = Snapshot {
-                    revision,
-                    ..Default::default()
-                };
-                write_frame(
-                    &mut connection,
-                    &Response::success(get.id, serde_json::to_value(snapshot).unwrap()),
-                )
-                .unwrap();
-                let watch: Request = read_frame(&mut connection).unwrap();
-                assert_eq!(watch.command, "media-watch");
-                assert_eq!(watch.args["since"], revision);
-                assert_ne!(get.id, watch.id);
-                if revision == 2 {
-                    watch_send.send(()).unwrap();
-                    use std::io::Read;
-                    assert_eq!(connection.read(&mut [0]).unwrap(), 0);
-                }
-            }
-        });
-        tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
-            .enable_time()
-            .build()
-            .unwrap()
-            .block_on(async {
-                let mut subscription = Box::pin(stream());
-                for revision in [1, 0, 2] {
-                    let snapshot = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(8), subscription.next())
-                        .await
-                        .unwrap()
-                        .unwrap();
-                    assert_eq!(snapshot.revision, revision);
-                }
-
-                tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || watch_receive.recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(2)).unwrap())
-                    .await
-                    .unwrap();
-                drop(subscription);
-            });
-        server.join().unwrap();
-    }
+    crate::ipc_subscription::stream("media-get", "media-watch", |snapshot: &Snapshot| snapshot.revision)
 }
diff --git a/site/app.js b/site/app.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 868a7f4..0000000
--- a/site/app.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-// Progressive enhancement for the handbook. Navigation and content work without JS.
-const handbookNavigation = document.querySelector('.handbook-navigation');
-if (handbookNavigation) {
-  const compactLayout = matchMedia('(max-width: 900px)');
-  const updateNavigation = () => { handbookNavigation.open = !compactLayout.matches; };
-  updateNavigation();
-  compactLayout.addEventListener('change', updateNavigation);
-  handbookNavigation.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
-    if (compactLayout.matches && event.target.closest('nav a')) handbookNavigation.open = false;
-  });
-}
-const search = document.querySelector("#docs-search");
-const results = document.querySelector("#search-results");
-const status = document.querySelector("#search-status");
-let indexPromise;
-if (search) {
-  search.closest(".docs-search").hidden = false;
-  const loadIndex = () =>
-    (indexPromise ||= fetch("search-index.json")
-      .then((response) => {
-        if (!response.ok) throw new Error("Search index unavailable");
-        return response.json();
-      })
-      .catch((error) => {
-        indexPromise = null;
-        throw error;
-      }));
-  search.addEventListener("focus", () => {
-    loadIndex().catch(() => {});
-  });
-  search.addEventListener("input", async () => {
-    const query = search.value.trim().toLocaleLowerCase();
-    if (!query) {
-      results.hidden = true;
-      results.replaceChildren();
-      status.textContent = "";
-      return;
-    }
-    try {
-      const index = await loadIndex();
-      if (search.value.trim().toLocaleLowerCase() !== query) return;
-      const words = query.split(/\s+/);
-      const matches = index
-        .filter((item) =>
-          words.every((word) =>
-            `${item.page} ${item.heading} ${item.text}`
-              .toLocaleLowerCase()
-              .includes(word),
-          ),
-        )
-        .sort(
-          (a, b) =>
-            Number(b.heading.toLocaleLowerCase().includes(query)) -
-            Number(a.heading.toLocaleLowerCase().includes(query)),
-        )
-        .slice(0, 10);
-      results.replaceChildren();
-      for (const item of matches) {
-        const link = document.createElement("a");
-        link.href = item.url;
-        const title = document.createElement("strong");
-        title.textContent = `${item.page} / ${item.heading}`;
-        const snippet = document.createElement("span");
-        const position = Math.max(
-          0,
-          item.text.toLocaleLowerCase().indexOf(words[0]) - 45,
-        );
-        snippet.textContent = `${position ? "…" : ""}${item.text.slice(position, position + 165)}${item.text.length > position + 165 ? "…" : ""}`;
-        link.append(title, snippet);
-        results.append(link);
-      }
-      if (!matches.length) {
-        const empty = document.createElement("p");
-        empty.textContent =
-          "No matching sections. Try “wallpaper”, “shortcuts”, or “notifications”.";
-        results.append(empty);
-      }
-      results.hidden = false;
-      status.textContent = `${matches.length} matching sections.`;
-    } catch {
-      if (search.value.trim().toLocaleLowerCase() !== query) return;
-      results.hidden = true;
-      status.textContent = "Search is unavailable. Browse the guides below.";
-    }
-  });
-  document.addEventListener("keydown", (event) => {
-    if (event.key === "Escape") {
-      results.hidden = true;
-      search.focus();
-    }
-    if (
-      event.key === "/" &&
-      !["INPUT", "TEXTAREA"].includes(document.activeElement.tagName) &&
-      !event.ctrlKey &&
-      !event.metaKey &&
-      !event.altKey
-    ) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      search.focus();
-    }
-    if (
-      event.key === "ArrowDown" &&
-      document.activeElement === search &&
-      !results.hidden
-    ) {
-      const first = results.querySelector("a");
-      if (first) {
-        event.preventDefault();
-        first.focus();
-      }
-    }
-  });
-  document.addEventListener("click", (event) => {
-    if (!event.target.closest(".docs-search")) results.hidden = true;
-  });
-}
-if (navigator.clipboard?.writeText) {
-  for (const block of document.querySelectorAll(".prose pre")) {
-    const button = document.createElement("button");
-    button.type = "button";
-    button.className = "code-copy";
-    button.textContent = "Copy";
-    button.setAttribute("aria-label", "Copy code example");
-    button.addEventListener("click", async () => {
-      try {
-        await navigator.clipboard.writeText(
-          block.querySelector("code").textContent,
-        );
-        button.textContent = "Copied";
-        if (status) status.textContent = "Code example copied.";
-      } catch {
-        button.textContent = "Select to copy";
-        if (status)
-          status.textContent =
-            "Copy failed. Select the code to copy it manually.";
-      }
-    });
-    block.append(button);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/site/content/index.md b/site/content/index.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d75977..0000000
--- a/site/content/index.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-# Ferese handbook
-
-Ferese combines a window manager and desktop shell with one configuration.
-This handbook covers installation, settings and desktop controls.
-
-[Browse screenshots](screenshots.md) to see the themes, layouts and desktop controls in
-use.
-
-## Get started
-
-1. [Install Ferese](installation.md), or try a [nested preview](installation.md#preview-and-logs).
-2. Choose Light, Dark, or Auto in **Control Center**. Open **Settings** for theme files and presets.
-3. Use the [configuration reference](configuration.md) for shortcuts, gestures, window rules, and displays.
-
-## Default shortcuts
-
-Use `Super`, usually the Windows key, for the shortcuts below, and make them your own in
-**Settings → Keyboard & mouse → Shortcuts**.
-
-| Control | Action |
-| --- | --- |
-| Super + Enter | Open a terminal |
-| Super + H / J / K / L | Focus left / down / up / right |
-| Super + F | Maximize the window |
-| Super + Shift + F | Toggle fullscreen |
-| Super + Tab | Open overview |
-| Super + M | Switch scrolling / tree layout |
-| Print Screen | Capture the active monitor and open Satty |
-| Super + Shift + S | Select a screenshot area |
-| Super + Shift + E | Ask to log out |
-| Super + left-button drag | Move a floating window |
-| Super + right-button drag | Resize a floating window |
-| Three-finger swipe up / down | Next / previous workspace |
-| Three-finger swipe left / right | Focus the window to the right / left |
-| Login shortcut guide | Appears at login; disable in Settings → Keyboard & mouse → Shortcuts |
-
-The [shortcuts and mouse actions guide](shortcuts.md) covers the rest, including how to
-group windows, resize them and move between workspaces.
-
-## Desktop guides
-
-- [Panel configuration](panel-configuration.md): choose a style, arrange controls, and configure Morph.
-- [Lock screen](locking.md): appearance, automatic locking, and display sleep.
-- [Screen sharing and recording](screen-sharing.md): share an app or display, or save a video.
-- [Desktop portals](portals.md): integration with applications.
-- [Animation model](animation-model.md): spring motion, geometry ownership, and resize presentation.
-
-Configure the desktop in Settings or edit `~/.config/ferese/config.kdl` directly;
-changes apply live, and an invalid edit leaves the last working configuration in
-place.
-
-## Troubleshooting
-
-If you need to end a session, `feresectl request-logout` asks for confirmation and
-`feresectl exit` exits immediately, so save your work first. The [logs and recovery
-guide](installation.md#logout-and-recovery) helps when something stops responding.
-
-To [report a problem](https://github.com/ferese-wm/ferese/issues), include the steps to
-reproduce it, relevant logs and whether you were using a nested preview or a direct
-session. See [Development](development.md) to contribute.
diff --git a/site/handbook.css b/site/handbook.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 85c87dc..0000000
--- a/site/handbook.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,128 +0,0 @@
-.docs-layout {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: 195px minmax(0, 1fr) 165px;
-  gap: 38px;
-  align-items: start;
-  padding-block: 48px 90px;
-}
-.docs-sidebar, .docs-toc {
-  position: sticky;
-  top: 110px;
-  max-height: calc(100dvh - 145px);
-  overflow-y: auto;
-  scrollbar-width: thin;
-  scrollbar-color: var(--line) transparent;
-}
-.docs-sidebar { z-index: 2; }
-.docs-sidebar summary { list-style: none; color: var(--muted); font-size: 12px; font-weight: 550; margin: 0 0 14px; }
-.docs-sidebar summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }
-.docs-sidebar summary .icon { display: none; }
-.docs-sidebar nav { display: grid; gap: 4px; }
-.docs-sidebar nav a {
-  display: block;
-  padding: 9px 12px;
-  color: var(--muted);
-  border-radius: 8px;
-  font-size: 13px;
-  line-height: 1.5;
-  transition: background .15s, color .15s;
-}
-.docs-sidebar nav a:hover { background: var(--soft); color: var(--ink); }
-.docs-sidebar nav a[aria-current=page] { background: #3d7be618; color: var(--accent); font-weight: 550; }
-.sidebar-links { display: grid; gap: 14px; margin-top: 25px; padding: 21px 12px 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
-.sidebar-links a { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; color: var(--muted); font-size: 11px; }
-.sidebar-links a:hover { color: var(--ink); }
-.sidebar-links .icon { width: 12px; height: 12px; }
-.docs-article { min-width: 0; }
-.breadcrumb { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 9px; margin-bottom: 20px; color: var(--muted); font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.6; }
-.breadcrumb a:hover { color: var(--accent); }
-.prose { min-width: 0; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.95; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
-.prose h1 { margin: 0 0 24px; color: var(--ink); font-size: 44px; font-weight: 560; line-height: 1.15; letter-spacing: -1.7px; text-wrap: balance; }
-.prose > p { margin: 18px 0; color: var(--muted); }
-.prose > p:first-of-type { font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.85; }
-.prose h2 { margin: 48px 0 18px; padding-top: 27px; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); font-size: 27px; font-weight: 550; letter-spacing: -.8px; line-height: 1.25; text-wrap: balance; }
-.prose h3 { margin: 31px 0 12px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 550; letter-spacing: -.3px; line-height: 1.4; }
-.prose h4 { margin: 25px 0 10px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 550; }
-.prose a { color: var(--accent); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; }
-.prose a:hover { color: var(--ink); }
-.prose strong { color: var(--ink); font-weight: 550; }
-.prose a:has(img) { display: block; max-width: 100%; line-height: 0; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 15px; overflow: hidden; }
-.prose img { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; }
-.prose code { font: .85em var(--mono); color: #dbe7fa; padding: 2px 5px; background: var(--raised); border-radius: 4px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
-.prose pre { position: relative; margin: 25px 0; padding: 43px 18px 18px; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 12px; background: var(--soft); color: #dbe7fa; font: 12px/1.85 var(--mono); }
-.prose pre code { padding: 0; background: none; white-space: pre; overflow-wrap: normal; font: inherit; }
-.code-copy { position: absolute; top: 9px; right: 10px; padding: 5px 9px; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 6px; background: var(--raised); color: var(--muted); font-size: 10px; }
-.code-copy:hover { color: var(--ink); border-color: #ffffff25; }
-.prose ul, .prose ol { padding-left: 22px; color: var(--muted); }
-.prose li { margin-bottom: 9px; }
-.prose li::marker { color: var(--muted); }
-.prose li > p { margin-block: 8px; }
-.prose blockquote { margin: 26px 0; padding: 4px 20px; border-left: 2px solid var(--accent); background: var(--soft); border-radius: 0 10px 10px 0; color: var(--muted); }
-.prose blockquote p { margin: 12px 0; }
-.prose hr { border: 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); margin-block: 35px; }
-.table-scroll { max-width: 100%; margin: 25px 0; overflow-x: auto; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 12px; }
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-.prose th { text-align: left; color: var(--ink); background: var(--soft); font-weight: 550; white-space: nowrap; }
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